However, NATO is remaining engaged in the fight against piracy by maintaining maritime situational awareness and continuing close links with other international counter-piracy actors. With no successful piracy attacks since 2012, NATO terminated Ocean Shield on 15 December 2016.The implementation of best management practices by the shipping industry, as well as the embarkation of armed security teams on board, also contributed to this trend. The very presence of this international naval force deterred pirates from pursuing their activities and contributed to the suppression of piracy in the region. NATO worked in close cooperation with other actors in the region including the European Union’s Operation Atalanta, the US-led Combined Task Force 151 and individual country contributors.From August 2009, NATO then led Operation Ocean Shield, which helped to deter and disrupt pirate attacks, while protecting vessels and helping to increase the general level of security in the region.In 2008, at the request of the United Nations, NATO started to support international efforts to combat piracy in the Gulf of Aden, off the Horn of Africa and in the Indian Ocean with Operation Allied Provider and Allied Protector.
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